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PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Answer the following in about 600 words.
Clarify the concepts of growth and development. Discuss the role of a teacher in facilitating the growth and development of the higher secondary school students.

2. What do you mean by Cognitive Development ? Explain Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

3. Answer the following in about 600 words.
Explain different factors that affect the development of personality. Describe the impact of mass media on the personality development of adolescents.

4. Explain the concept of learning and briefly describe its different theories.

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each
(i) Explain with examples emotional development of an individual.
(ii) What is humanistic approach to learning ? Describe its characteristics.
(iii) What do you mean by domains of learning ? Give suitable examples for different domains.
(iv) Explain the concepts of intelligence, aptitude and creativity, with suitable examples.
(v) Explain intrinsic and extrinsic motivation with suitable examples.
(vi) Define the concepts of heredity and environment. How do heredity and environment influence the growth and development of an individual ?
(vii) Explain the nature and process of verbal learning.

6. Answer the following in about 600 words.
How will you identify maladjusted students in your class ? How will you as a teacher solve the psychological and social problems of such students ? Explain,

1. Explain the concept of development. Discuss the role of the teacher in facilitating human development.

2.Explain the concept of cognitive development with special reference to Piaget's framework for conceptualising child development. Discuss factors facilitating cognitive development,

3. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Discuss Bio-social and Psychoanalytical approaches to personality giving propositions of prominent propounders of these approaches.

4. List major tenets of the Humanistic approach to learning. Discuss the contributions of Maslow towards Humanistic Psychology.


5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :
(i) Discuss personal factors influencing the process of learning.
(ii) Explain any three levels of cognitive domain or area.
(iii) Discuss in brief the nature and development of values in school system.
(iv) Define the concept of `Locus of Control' and explain its dimensions giving examples.
(v) Explain the nature and types of psychological conflicts.
(vi) What is meant by Defence Mechanism' ? Discuss any three defence mechanisms giving suitable examples.
(vii) What do you understand by `Social Maturity' ? Explain briefly its relationship with social adjustment.

6. - Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Suppose you have identified one backward and one gifted student in your class. Describe the method you used to identify each of them. Discuss the principles you would follow in guiding ; A - the backward student and B --the gifted student. Summarise the contrasting characteristics of A and B.


1. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Differentiate between the concepts of growth and development. Discuss adolescence as the crucial stage of human development.

2. Explain the concept and nature of personality. Discuss the psychoanalytical and psychosocial approaches in understanding personality.

3. Answer the following question, in about 600 words.
Explain the psychometric approach to understand the concept of intelligence. Discuss appropriate instructional strategies for handling individual differences of the learners at various levels of intelligence.

4. Explain the concept of learning. Discuss various characteristics of learning with suitable examples.

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :
(i) Explain the principles of learning deduced from the learning theory of Thorndike.
(ii) Explain nature of social adjustment and social maturity with examples.
(iii) Discuss briefly the relationship between heredity and environment on growth and development of the individual.
(iv) Define the concept of motivation and explain its role in learning.
(v) Discuss teachers' role in improving group relationship in a school.
(vi) Briefly discuss broad classification of students with special needs with reference to physical and mental aspects.
(vii) Discuss impact of various mass media on personality development of school children.

6. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
One of your students has secured 95% in the Board's examination. How will you find out whether he is gifted or creative ? In case you have identified him as a gifted student, what steps would you follow while guiding him in the school ?

1. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Explain the behaviourist approach to learning. Discuss its educational implications.

2 Explain the concept of transfer of learning. Discuss different types of transfer of learning and explain their educational implications.

3. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Explain the genetic basis of individual differences. Discuss the role of heredity in influencing the mental development of the learners.

4. Discuss special needs of learners/children from the deprived section of society. What role will you play in fulfilling those needs ?

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :
(i) What do you understand by affective domain ? Discuss the main organising principles in affective domain.
(ii) Discuss the importance of social maturity.
(iii) Discuss any three characteristics of gifted children.
(iv) Discuss the relationship between maturity and learning. Give suitable examples in support of your answer.
(v) Explain any three basic assumptions that are necessary for providing guidance to the learners.
(vi) What are the various causes of conflicts ? How would you resolve the conflicts among your students ?
(vii) Describe the characteristics of a creative child.

6. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
How will you identify socially maladjusted students in your class ? How will you help them in making their social adjustment better ? Justify your answer with suitable examples.

1. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Describe various stages of human development. Discuss the role of teacher in facilitating the development of the learners.

2. What is meant by 'individual differences' ? Discuss the factors producing individual differences.

3. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Define the students with special educational needs. Describe the teacher's role in meeting the educational, social and psychological needs of such students.

4. Explain the concept of learning. Discuss personal factors that influence learning, with suitable examples.

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :
(i) Explain Piaget's views on moral development.
(ii) Discuss the role of teacher in the development of
adolescent personality.
(iii) Explain the meaning of interest and its development in studies at school.
(iv) Discuss the implications of verbal learning for class-room practice.
(v) Briefly discuss the environmental factors influencing learning.
(vi) Mention the different types of conflicts and explain the measures for resolving them.
(vii) Differentiate between Guidance, Counselling and Psychotherapy.

6. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Discuss some effective methods of learning which you would like your students to practice in the class and home. Illustrate your answer with relevant examples.

1. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Explain the characteristics of socio-emotional development of secondary and senior secondary school students. Discuss teacher's role in facilitating their development.

2. Explain the concept of personality. Dscuss the main hereditary and environmental factors which influence the personality development.

3. Answer the following question in about 600 words. .
Explain the concept of learning. Discuss main characteristics of Piaget's cognitive approach to learning.
4. Explain the concept ol adjustment. Discuss chamcteristics of a well-adjusted and a maladjusted person giving suitable examples.

5- Answer the following questions. Answer each question in about 150 words :
(i) "Adolescence. is a period of stress and strain. " Explain.
(ii) Explain the characteristics oI language development in children.
(iii) Explain the nafure and types of motivation.
(iv) Briefly discuss the misconcepts regarding heredity and environment.
(v) Explain . the main factors that influence classroom learning.
(vi) Explain the characteristics of the gifted and talented students.
(vii)Differentiate between guidance and counselling with suitable examples.

6. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Explain the concept of group dynamics. Describe five activities which you would like to undertake in the class for improving the group relationship among your students.

1. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Differentiate between growth and development with the help of suitable examples. Why should a teacher study the principles governing growth and development ?

2. Explain the concept of individual differences. Discuss the individual differences in intelligence and creativity with suitable examples.

3. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Explain the concept and types of motivation. How does motivation contribute to enhance children's academic achievement ?

4. Discuss the influence of personal and environmental factors on classroom learning. Give examples.

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :
(i) "Adolescence is a period of storm and stress." Elaborate.
(ii) What should a school do to ensure healthy social development of children ?
(iii) How do children attain new concepts ?
(iv) How does cognitive domain of learning differ from affective domain ?
(v) How will you facilitate students' adjustment in schools ? Discuss.
(vi) Explain the meaning and nature of guidance. How is it related to counselling ?
(vii) Explain the situations in which you can use the method of spaced and unspaced learning.

6. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Prepare a plan for the identification of emotionally maladjusted children in your class. Discuss the strategies you shall devise to help such children.

TEACHING OF MATHEMATICS
1. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Discuss the need and importance of Mathematics in school curriculum.

2. Discuss the principles of formulating the Mathematics curriculum.

3. Answer the following question in about.600 words.
Formulate objectives, select learning experiences to teach any one of the following topics to Secondary school teachers :
(i) Quadratic Equations
(ii) Perimeter and Area of plane figures
(iii) Percent

4. Write short notes on the following in about 120 words each :
(a) Heuristic or Discovery method
(b) Meaning of evaluation
(c) Congruence of Triangles
(d) Simple Interest
(e) Polynomials in one variable
(f) Histogram and Frequency Polygon
(g) Different types of quadrilaterals and their inter-relation (h) Definitions of trigonometric ratios

1. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Discuss in detail the need and significance of teaching mathematics at secondary school stage. Give suitable examples in support of your answer.

2. What is meant by `evaluation' ?. Discuss the role of evaluation in improving the teaching - learning process in mathematics. Illustrate with examples wherever needed.

3. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Formulate objectives and identify learning experiences to teach any one of the following topics to the secondary students :
(i) Exponents and Logarithms
(ii) LCM and HCF
(iii) Circle, its circumference and area

4. Write short notes on the following in about 120 words each :
(i) Relevance of Assignment and Home-work
(ii) Role of Teaching Aids
(iii) Use of Intuition and Logic in mathematics
(iv) Teaching of Rational.Numbers
(v) Teaching of Trigonometrical Ratios
(vi) Teaching of Stocks and Shares
(vii) Teaching "Division" of Polynomials

5. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Discuss in detail the desirable characteristics of a good instructional strategy in mathematics. Explain the various steps taken in developing and implementing such a strategy.

1.Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Explain the meanings of `Induction' and `Deduction' in mathematics. Differentiate between Inductive and Deductive methods of teaching mathematics. Illustrate with examples how these methods work.

2. Discuss the nature and development of mathematics as a subject. Describe in detail the contribution of Indian mathematicians to the development of mathematics.

3. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Formulate objectives and identify learning experiences to teach any one of the following topics to the secondary students :
(i) Elementary number theory
(ii) Linear equations and Inequations
(iii) Similarity of triangles and its applications

4. Write short notes on the following in about 120 words each :
(i) Place of mathematics in school curriculum
(ii) Role of practice in teaching mathematics
(iii) Teaching of graphs
(iv) Laboratory method of teaching mathematics
(v) Trigonometry, heights and distances
(vi) Teaching computing and flow-charting
(vii) Evaluation in mathematics
(viii) Lesson planning in mathematics teaching

5. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Discuss, with example(s), how you will introduce the concept of statistics in the class. Explain your detailed strategy including teaching points, teaching methods and teaching aids while teaching statistics at secondary school stage.




1. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Discuss the role of human needs as a basis of growth in Mathematics. Illustrate what contribution Mathematics can make to develop a habit of rational thinking . among learners.

2. Discuss the desirable characteristics of a good instructional programme in Mathematics.

3. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Formulate objectives and select learning experiences to teach any one of the following topics to Secondary school students :
(i) Properties of Integers
(ii) Compound Interest

4. Write short notes on the following in about 120 words each :
(a) Graphs of linear equations involving absolute value
(b) Relation and Function
(c) Point, Line and Plane
(d) Language of Mathematics
(e) Profit and Loss
(f) Basic identities in Trigonometry
(g) Volume of Cylinder
(h) Measures of Central Tendency
(i) Stocks and Shares

5. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
What are the two observational methods of evaluation ? Specify the areas/attributes which can be evaluated by using these methods.


1. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Discuss the principles of child development and learning which affect methods of teaching Mathematics at Secondary level.

2. What is unit planning ? Discuss features and steps in unit planning of instruction.

3. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Formulate objectives, select learning experiences to teach any one of the following topics to' Secondary school students :
(i) Rational and Irrational numbers
(ii) Trigonometric ratios

4. . Write short notes on the following in about 120 words each :
(i) Pure and Applied Mathematics
(ii) Drill and Practice
(iii) Different types of quadrilaterals
(iv) Quadratic equations
(v) Polynomials in one variable
(vi) Parallel lines and related axioms
(vii) Derive values of trigonometric ratios for -standard values of angle
(viii) Pictorial representation of data

5. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Discuss the meaning and role of evaluation in making instruction in Mathematics more effective.

DISTANCE EDUCATION
1. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
What is the definition of "Distance Education" according to Desmond Keegan ? Discuss specific features of Distance Education based on his definition,

2. What are the different models of Distance Education institutions ? Compare the similarities and differences between single mode and dual mode Distance Education institutions.

3. Answer the following question in about 600 words. Explain the SQ3R technique of reading. 

4. What are the skills and qualities of a good counsellor ? Explain with illustrations.

5. Answer the following in about 150 words each
(1) Describe the functions of an academic counsellor.
(ii) Describe the access devices in self-learning materials.
(iii) Discuss the conditions to enhance learning from television.
(iv) Describe at least three characteristics of adult distance learners.
(v) Explain how `economies of scale' can be achieved in Distance Education.
(vi) Describe the use of questionnaire in programme evaluation.

6. Answer the following question in about 600 words
Suppose you are asked to prepare guidelines for assignment response evaluation in a Distance Education institution. Describe the different types of tutor comments that you will recommend evaluators to use and avoid.

1. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
What are the various uses of three major types of non-print media in Distance Education ? Explain with suitable examples.


2. Describe the different ways of media use in Distance Education with illustrations.

3. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Discuss the various factors affecting cost of Distance Education.

4. "Evaluation is the collection, analysis and interpretation of information about any aspects of a programme." Explain the statement in the context of Distance Education.

5. Answer the following In about 150 words each :
(i) What do you mean by correspondence education ?
(ii) Describe the present status of teacher education programmes through Distance Education in India.
(iii) Explain the importance of staff development in Distance Education.
(iv) What are the pre-requisites for course writers in Distance Education ?
(v) Explain Laurillard's approach to media taxonomy.
(vi) Discuss the significance of Personal Contact Programmes (PCP) in Distance Education.

6. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
You might have done the format editing of a self-learning unit from your subject area. What special features did you look for ? How did you undertake the unit editing ? Explain.

1. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Differentiate between correspondence and open education. Justify that distance and open education is the need of the society at this juncture.

2. What do you understand by media integration in. teaching - learning process at a distance ? How does it help in student learning ?

3. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Self-Learning Materials (SLM) ensure quality in teaching - learning at a distance. Justify your answer with your experiences as a distance learner.

4. Explain the features of format, content and language editing in Self-Learning Materials.

5. Answer the following in about 150 words each :
(i) Write a short note on `Distance Education Council' (DEC).
(ii) What are multiple media in distance education ? Point out briefly their significance.
(iii) Define and explain computer aided learning.
(iv) Explain in brief about the generations of distance education.
(v) Write merits and demerits of print media in the teaching - learning process.
(vi) What do you understand by concept mapping ? Explain its features.
(vii) What are the factors that influence self-learning of a distance learner ? Explain with suitable examples.

6. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Differentiate among the models of distance education institutions - single mode, dual mode and consortium.



7. Explain in detail the types of counselling at various stages of learning at a distance.

1. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Learner/student support services are considered as an important component in open and distance education - discuss.

2. Explain merits and demerits of continuous assessment in the distance learning system.

3. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Explain the important features of programme evaluation of a distance education programme.

4. Education is an investment or consumption - critically state your ideas in the context of distance learning in the era of globalisation.

5. Answer the following in about 150 words each :
(i) Write a short note on data collection techniques.
(ii) Explain the steps involved in monitoring of assignments.
(iii) What is expected of the distance educator through "positive comments" on assignment response ?
(iv) What do you understand by quality control and service management ?
(v) Explain the importance of formative evaluation in the distance learning process.
(vi) Differentiate between centralised and decentralised evaluation.
(vii) What are the major functions of assignments in distance teaching-learning ?

6. Answer the following questions in about 600 words.
Assignments facilitate two-way communication in distance learning - explain the issues involved in it.

7. What are the academic and operational problems faced by distance learners ? Explain the issues with redressal mechanisms or suggestions to improve the system.

1, Answer the following question in about 600 words.
What is meant by 'lifelong education' ? Explain some of its major characteristics. How can lifelong education be achieved through distance education ?

2. Describe the characteristic features of distance education.

3. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Discuss the criteria for media selection for effective teaching-learning process in the classroom.

4. What are `access devices' in self-instructional materials ? Discuss how self-instructional materials promote active learning.

5. Answer the following questions. Answer each question in about 150 words :
(i) Discuss with examples the problems distance learners face during teaching-learning process through distance education.
(ii) Explain the SQ3R technique of reading.
(iii) What are the different stages of counselling ? Explain each .with examples.
(iv) What is `grading'. ? Describe the advantages of grading.
(v) Explain the importance of course team in distance education.
(vi) Differentiate between fixed and variable costs in distance education.

6. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Suppose you have been asked to evaluate the B.Ed. programme of IGNOU. ,Describe how you will proceed in this task. Identify the instruments you will use. Also describe how you will collect, analyse and report the programme evaluation data.


3. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Do media influence learning ? Describe how learning from television can be enhanced.

4. Describe the key features of self-instructional materials.

5. Answer the following questions in about 150 words each :
(i) Differentiate between correspondence education and open education.
(ii) What do you mean by `self-learning' ?
(iii) Describe the four qualities of a good counsellor.
(iv) Discuss Bate's proposition on media and technology In distance education.
(v) Explain the importance of format editing in distance education.
(vi) What are teaching type comments in assignment evaluation ? Give examples.

6. Answer the following question in about 600 words.
Suppose you are an academic counsellor of a distance education programme and asked to evaluate the assignments of learners. Discuss the essential aspects of evaluation alongwith comments while evaluating the assignments.